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Drug Names #4

Leave a Comment / Miscellaneous /
💊 Bactroban is the brand name of mupirocin, an antibiotic ointment that works to inhibit the growth of bacteria, hence the name ‘ban bacteria’ or Bactroban. ⁠ ⁠ 💊 Emend is the brand name of aprepitant, an anti-nausea medication indicated to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The name emend has the components of ‘end emesis’ in it. ⁠ ⁠ 💊 Morphine is an opioid pain medication. The drug was named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams because in addition to its long-lasting analgesic effects, it would also induce sleep. ⁠

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Drug Names #6

Leave a Comment / Miscellaneous /
💊 Premarin is an estrogen-replacement drug prescribed for the treatment of menopause. It is made from horse urine noted by the drug’s name Premarin which is short for ‘PREgnant MARes’ urINe’. ⁠ ⁠ 💊 Ursodiol‘s active chemical, ursodeoxycholic acid, is one of the acids found in bear bile that has been shown to be effective in treating gallstones. Since the 1950s, the drug has been produced synthetically.⁠ ⁠ 💊 Forfivo is the brand name of the once-daily bupropion 450 mg formulation. It is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The brand name hints at its dosing ‘four-five-O’ for 450 mg. ⁠ ⁠

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Entresto® (Sacubitril/Valsartan)

Leave a Comment / Cardiology /

📖 Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI) is a new class of heart failure medications. ⁠
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☝🏻 The first drug in this class is Entresto® (sacubitril/valsartan). It is a combination medication comprised of a neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril) and an angiotensin II receptor blocker (valsartan). ⁠
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💊 Sacubitril is a prodrug that inhibits neprilysin thus preventing it from breaking down natriuretic peptides. This mechanism leads to an increase in vasodilation and diuresis as levels of natriuretic peptides rise. ⁠
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💊 Valsartan directly blocks angiotensin II receptors inhibiting angiotensin II from binding onto the receptors and causing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.⁠
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Calcium Channel Blockers

Leave a Comment / Cardiology, Top 200 Drugs /
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are used in the treatment of many cardiovascular conditions. They are divided into subclasses, non-dihydropyridines and dihydropyridines. The non-dihydropyridine CCBs cause less vasodilation and more cardiac depression than dihydropyridine CCBs (hence why they are not recommended in decompensated heart failure). They cause reductions in heart rate and contractility. Dihydropyridine CCBs have more vascular selectivity and fewer cardiac effects. They are indicated in the treatment of hypertension and angina. They do not suppress AV conduction or the SA node automaticity.

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Hyperkalemia, Signs and Symptoms of

Leave a Comment / Critical Care /
Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum or plasma potassium level above the upper limits of normal, usually greater than 5.0 mEq/L to 5.5 mEq/L. While mild hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic, high levels of potassium may cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, or paralysis.⁠ ⁠ True hyperkalemia may be caused by increased potassium intake, transcellular movement of intracellular potassium into the extracellular space, and decreased renal excretion.⁠

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Hypernatremia, Signs & Symptoms of

Leave a Comment / Critical Care /
🖇️ High levels of sodium can lead to a condition called hypernatremia, where the serum sodium concentration > 145 mEq/L (> 145 mmol/L). ⁠ ⁠ 🖇️ Sodium is a dominant cation in extracellular fluid and necessary for the maintenance of intravascular volume. When there is a large increase in sodium in the serum, the signs and symptoms often relate to fluids as you can see with today’s mnemonic.⁠ ⁠ 🖇️ The human body maintains sodium and water homeostasis by concentrating the urine secondary to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and increased fluid intake by a powerful thirst response.⁠

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Metformin (Glucophage)⁠⠀

Leave a Comment / Endocrinology, Top 200 Drugs /
Metformin1
Metformin2

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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Side Effects

Leave a Comment / Psychiatry /
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MOA) are a class of antidepressants that includes Isocarboxazide (Marplan), Phenelzine (Nardil), Tranylcypromine (Parnate), and Selegiline (Emsam). ⁠ ⁠ MAO inhibitors are prone to drug interactions that inhibit its breakdown and could lead to hypertensive crisis, serotonin syndrome, or increased psychosis.⁠ ⁠ ⭐ Patients taking MAO inhibitors must avoid tyramine-rich foods, including aged cheese, pickled herring, yeast extract, air-dried meats, sauerkraut, soy sauce, fava beans, and some red wines and beers as it can precipitate hypertensive crisis. Foods can become high in tyramine when they have been aged, fermented, pickled, or smoked.⁠

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Morphine Side Effects

Leave a Comment / Miscellaneous /
💊 Morphine is considered the classic opioid analgesic with which other painkillers are compared. Like other medications in this class, morphine has an affinity for delta, kappa, and mu-opioid receptors.⁠ ⁠ 💊 This drug produces the majority of its analgesic effects by binding to the mu-opioid receptor within the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).⁠ ⁠ 💊 Morphine can potentially be a lethal medication when not used properly. It causes a host of symptoms related to depression of the CNS. Severe respiratory depression is the most feared complication of morphine in cases of overdose. Immediate injection of naloxone is required to reverse the effects of morphine.⁠

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Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy

Leave a Comment / Gynecology /

🤰🏻 Choosing an effective yet safe antibiotic during pregnancy requires you to weigh the risks and benefits. It can often be a gray area based on limited clinical studies in pregnant patients. ⁠⠀
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Some tips include:⁠⠀
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👉🏻 Only using antibiotics when no other treatment options are available ⁠⠀
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👉🏻 Avoid prescribing antibiotics during the first trimester if possible. ⁠⠀
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👉🏻 Chose a safe medication with available clinical studies that have been tested in pregnancy⁠⠀
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👉🏻 Dose at the lowest possible amount proven effective.⁠⠀

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Proton Pump Inhibitors

Leave a Comment / Gastroenterology, Top 200 Drugs /
Proton Pump Inhibitors1
Proton Pump Inhibitors2
Proton Pump Inhibitors3
Proton Pump Inhibitors4

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the top 200 drugs prescribed (sometimes over-prescribed 😔) and are the strongest medications used to treat stomach acid disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease or peptic ulcers. ⁠⠀
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The generics in this class all end in “prazole”, however, if you pay close attention, the brand names of these drugs also hint at what they do. See below for some examples:⁠⠀
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💊 Prilosec (omeprazole): Pr (short for proton), lo (low), sec (secretions) meaning lowered secretions of protons (acid)⁠⠀
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💊 Aciphex (rabeprazole): aci (acid), phex (fix) which means it can help fix acid problems⁠⠀
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💊 Prevacid (lansoprazole): Prev (prevent) acid ⁠⠀
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💊 Protonix (pantoprazole): Proton (acid) nix (get rid of) or in other words nix protons⁠⠀

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