Ever been on corticosteroids before? Due to the activation of the sympathetic system (“fight or flight”), your body responds with an increase in blood pressure, blood sugar, mood changes, and blood volume. With short term use, side effects are minor but can vary depending on their dose and how long they are taken.
Diuretics work to enhance sodium and water excretion through 4 main sites on the nephron.
1– Proximal convoluted tubule: Mannitol and acetazolamide (extends into the descending loop of Henle)
2– Ascending loop of Henle: loop diuretics
3– Distal convoluted tubule: thiazides
4– Collecting ducts: Potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., spironolactone and triamterene)
Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic window (10-20 mg/L) and requires serum drug monitoring to prevent toxicities. Check out this awesome mnemonic on how to remember its side effects!